Difference between revisions of "XELK-AN-009: Comparing JVMs (Java Virtual Machines) on i.MX6 family processors"

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{{AppliesToAxelEsatta}}
 
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{{AppliesToAXEL Lite AN}}
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{{AppliesToSMARX AN}}
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{{AppliesToAXELULite}}
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{| class="wikitable" border="1"
 
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
−
!Processor
+
!Version
 
!Date
 
!Date
−
!Kit version
+
!Development Kit version
−
!Notes
 
−
|-
 
−
|i.MX6 Cortex-A9
 
−
|Nov 2019
 
−
|[[Axel_Embedded_Linux_Kit_(XELK)#XELK_4.0.0|XELK 4.0.0]]
 
−
|i.MX6 DualLite SOC version
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|i.MX6UL Cortex-A7
+
| 1.0.0
−
|Nov 2019
+
| Nov 2019
−
|[[AXEL_ULite_and_SBC_Lynx_Embedded_Linux_Kit_(XUELK)#XUELK_2.0.1.2F2.0.2.2F2.0.3|XUELK 2.0.3]]
+
|[[Axel_Embedded_Linux_Kit_(XELK)#XELK_4.0.0|XELK 4.0.0]] , [[AXEL_ULite_and_SBC_Lynx_Embedded_Linux_Kit_(XUELK)#XUELK_2.0.1.2F2.0.2.2F2.0.3|XUELK 2.0.3]]
−
| i.MX6 Ultra Lite SOC version
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
−
Nowadays the Java programming language is more and more used for creating embedded application taking advantages from the popular and powerful programming language like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) Java].
+
Nowadays the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) Java programming language] has been mainly used to develop business server side application.
−
 
 
−
As well known, from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) wikipedia] description:
 
  
−
<pre>
+
On the latest years it can be used on embedded devices too, thanks both to the constantly increasing processing power of embedded microprocessors and to the optimization of Java Virtual Machines
−
Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based, object-oriented, and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers write once, run anywhere: Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation.
 
−
Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of the underlying computer architecture.
 
−
</pre>
 
  
 
=== Java Virtual Machine ===
 
=== Java Virtual Machine ===
−
There are many different JVM that can run on ARM platform - like - let you to run your Java application on DAVE's Embedded platforms.  
+
There are many different JVM that can run on ARM platform: the JVM let you to run your Java application on an Embedded platform like the DAVE's [[:Category:SBC-AXEL | SBC-AXEL]] and [[:Category:SBC_Lynx | SBC-Lynx]] platforms.
  
−
In this Application Note, we would like to explore some of the most popular Java Virtual Machines and measure their performances on the embedded platform. The different JVMs performance results let the user to target which JVM can be used for running its Java code in the better way.
+
In this Application Note, we would like to explore some of the most popular Java Virtual Machines and measure their performances on the embedded platform.  
 +
The different JVMs performance results let the user to target which JVM can be the best selection for running its Java code.
  
−
=== ZeroVM===
+
==== ZeroVM====
−
The [https://openjdk.java.net/projects/zero/ ZeroVM] JDK version has to be taken into account for some JVM version: this version - used for example on ''OpenJDK 8'' and ''AdoptOpenJDK 8'' give output results are '''really less performing''' then the others VMs.
+
The [https://openjdk.java.net/projects/zero/ ZeroVM] JDK version has to be taken into account if used on some JVM: this version - used for example on ''OpenJDK 8'' and ''AdoptOpenJDK 8'' - gives output results '''really less performing''' then the others VMs.
  
 
It should be considered - infact - that ''OpenJDK Zero VM is an interpreter only JVM''. It's easier to port because it has no architecture specific assembly code but, on the other hand,  
 
It should be considered - infact - that ''OpenJDK Zero VM is an interpreter only JVM''. It's easier to port because it has no architecture specific assembly code but, on the other hand,  
 
it's not performant because it has no architecture specific assembly code.
 
it's not performant because it has no architecture specific assembly code.
  
−
== Benchmarks ==
+
== Available Java Virtual Machines ==
−
Two standard Java code benchmark tools are used to compare the JVMs:
+
There's tons of JVM available in the market, both commercials and free/opensource ones: the JVM listed below have been selected from the main Java players in the market.
−
* [https://math.nist.gov/scimark2/ SciMark 2.0]
+
 
−
* [http://www.benchmarkhq.ru/cm30/ CaffeineMark 3.0]
+
Obviously the <b>Oracle JDK</b> is the reference one due to the original Java project started by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) Sun Microsystems] and acquired by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_acquisition_by_Oracle Oracle] on 2010.
 +
 
 +
Historically Sun/Oracle provides different flavors of their JVM, depending on the target host (desktop vs server vs embedded.
 +
 
 +
[https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase-embedded-downloads.html Oracle Java SE Embedded] was the flavor targetting embbedded market, but Oracle announced that '''Java 8''' is ''the final major Oracle Java SE Embedded Product''.
  
−
We have to comply to the proper license agreements in order to run the benchmarks:
+
[https://blogs.oracle.com/java-platform-group/convergence-of-oracle-java-se-embedded-with-oracle-jdk Here] the blog announce:
−
* SciMark: please read the [https://math.nist.gov/scimark2/credits.html credits] page about <b>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</b> GPL license
 
−
* CaffeineMark: please read carefully the [http://www.benchmarkhq.ru/cm30/disclaim.html#license license agreement] for running the <b>Pendragon Software's CaffeineMark'''™''' ver. 3.0</b>
 
  
−
== JVMs ==
+
<pre>
−
The following Java Virtual Machines have been selected for the main Java player in the market. Obviously the <b>Oracle JDK</b> is the reference one due to the original Java project started by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) Sun Microsystems] and aquired by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_acquisition_by_Oracle Oracle] on 2010.
+
Accordingly, starting with JDK 9, Oracle doesn't plan to offer a separate "Oracle Java SE Embedded" download.  In other words, Oracle Java SE 8 Embedded is the final release series of the "Oracle Java SE Embedded" product.  New features in JDK 9 obviate the need for it to be a separate product.
 +
</pre>
  
−
The [https://www.oracle.com/downloads/licenses/javase-license1.html Java license] agreement should be accomplished in order to use and evaluate the Oracle
+
For the ''The Oracle Java License'', please find more information on Oracle [https://java.com/en/download/release_notice.jsp Java web site].
  
−
* [https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk8-downloads-2133151.html  Oracle JDK SE 8]
+
Newest JVM based on Java 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 can be found from the OpenJDK JVM players.
  
−
== Virtual Machines ==
+
=== Selection of embedded Virtual Machine ===
  
−
Here below the list of JVMs compared in the tests and the download sites:
+
Here below the list of JVMs compared in the tests and the binary download sites:
  
 
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
 
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
Line 78: Line 76:
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk8-downloads-2133151.html OpenJDK]
+
| OpenJDK (*)
 
| 1.8.0_102
 
| 1.8.0_102
 
| OpenJDK Zero VM (build 25.102-b14, interpreted mode)
 
| OpenJDK Zero VM (build 25.102-b14, interpreted mode)
Line 88: Line 86:
 
| [https://openjdk.java.net/projects/zero/ ZeroVM]
 
| [https://openjdk.java.net/projects/zero/ ZeroVM]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [https://github.com/AdoptOpenJDK/openjdk8-binaries/releases/download/jdk8u232-b09/OpenJDK8U-jdk_arm_linux_hotspot_8u232b09.tar.gzhttps://cdn.azul.com/zulu-embedded/bin/zulu8.42.0.195-ca-jdk1.8.0_232-linux_aarch32hf.tar.gz ZuluCommunity]
+
| [https://cdn.azul.com/zulu-embedded/bin/zulu8.42.0.195-ca-jdk1.8.0_232-linux_aarch32hf.tar.gz ZuluCommunity]
 
| 8u232
 
| 8u232
 
| OpenJDK Client VM (Zulu8.42.0.195-CA-linux_aarch32hf) (build 25.232-b195, mixed mode, Evaluation)
 
| OpenJDK Client VM (Zulu8.42.0.195-CA-linux_aarch32hf) (build 25.232-b195, mixed mode, Evaluation)
Line 109: Line 107:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
(*) We do not provide a download URL for OpenJDK 1.8.x because it has been build with standard recipe provided with DAVE Development Kits
 +
 +
=== Licensing ===
 +
Each JVM has a proper licensing model and this has to be taken into account:
 +
 +
* Oracle: the [https://www.oracle.com/downloads/licenses/javase-license1.html Java license] agreement should be accomplished in order to use and evaluate it
 +
* OpenJDK, AdoptOpenJDK: [https://adoptopenjdk.net/about.html GPLv2]
 +
* Zulu: see [https://www.azul.com/products/zulu-community/ Zulu Community] (''free download and uses without restrictions'', cit'')''
 +
* BellSoft: [https://bell-sw.com/pages/java-11.0.5%20for%20Embedded/ Liberica JDK for Embedded] (''provided with no license restrictions'', cit.'')''
 +
 +
== Benchmarks ==
 +
Two standard Java code benchmark tools are used to compare the JVMs:
 +
* [https://math.nist.gov/scimark2/ SciMark 2.0]
 +
* [http://www.benchmarkhq.ru/cm30/ CaffeineMark 3.0]
  
 +
=== Licensing ===
 +
We have to comply to the proper license agreements in order to run the benchmarks:
 +
* <b><i>SciMark</i></b>: please read the [https://math.nist.gov/scimark2/credits.html credits] page about <b>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</b> GPL license
 +
* <b><i>CaffeineMark</i></b>: according to the <b>Pendragon Software's CaffeineMark'''™''' ver. 3.0</b>
 +
** the test was performed without independent verification by Pendragon Software and that Pendragon Software makes no representations or warranties as to the result of the test
  
−
== Benchmarking results ==
+
=== Test results ===
 
The benchmarks have been run on the same platform and same cpu: the different JVMs was decompressed in the ''/home/root/java'' directory of the target and started manually.
 
The benchmarks have been run on the same platform and same cpu: the different JVMs was decompressed in the ''/home/root/java'' directory of the target and started manually.
  
−
Here below an example of SciMark benchmark started for OracleJDK:
+
==== XELK ====
 +
The following tests have been performed on [[:Category:SBC-AXEL | SBC-AXEL]] equipped with:
 +
* '''DXLM0193''' SOM
 +
* i.MX6 Dual Lite processor @ 792MHz
 +
* 1GB DDR
 +
* boot from SD card (u-boot, kernel and root file system)
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
 +
! Java Virtual Machine
 +
! SciMark 2.0 (Composite Score)
 +
! CaffeineMark 3.0 (Overall score)
 +
|-
 +
| Oracle JDK 8
 +
| 69.37
 +
| 22673
 +
|-
 +
| OpenJDK 8 (*)
 +
| ''3.62''
 +
| ''605''
 +
|-
 +
| AdoptOpenJDK 8 (*)
 +
| ''3.44''
 +
| ''569''
 +
|-
 +
| ZuluCommunity 8
 +
| 69.14
 +
| 17237
 +
|-
 +
| AdoptOpenJDK 11
 +
| '''82.39'''
 +
| '''78111'''
 +
|-
 +
| LibericaJDK 11
 +
| '''82.55'''
 +
| '''77083'''
 +
|-
 +
| ZuluCommunity 11
 +
| 69.61
 +
| 17060
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
(*) The ''interpreted'' [[XELK-AN-009:_Comparing_JVMs_(Java_Virtual_Machines)_on_i.MX6_family_processors#ZeroVM | ZeroVM]] JVM version explains the very poor performance
 +
 
 +
==== XUELK ====
 +
The following tests have been performed on [[:Category:SBC_Lynx | SBC-Lynx]] equipped with:
 +
* i.MX6 Ultra Lite processor @ 528MHz
 +
* 512MB DDR
 +
* boot from SD card (u-boot, kernel and root file system)
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
 +
! Java Virtual Machine
 +
! SciMark 2.0 (Composite Score)
 +
! CaffeineMark 3.0 (Overall score)
 +
|-
 +
| Oracle JDK 8
 +
| 28.75
 +
| 9426
 +
|-
 +
| OpenJDK 8 (*)
 +
| ''1.68''
 +
| ''257''
 +
|-
 +
| AdoptOpenJDK 8 (*)
 +
| ''1.55''
 +
| ''243''
 +
|-
 +
| ZuluCommunity 8
 +
| 29.26
 +
| 9482
 +
|-
 +
| AdoptOpenJDK 11
 +
| '''54.23'''
 +
| '''30268'''
 +
|-
 +
| LibericaJDK 11
 +
| '''54.46'''
 +
| '''27261'''
 +
|-
 +
| ZuluCommunity 11
 +
| 29.16
 +
| 9200
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
(*) The ''interpreted'' [[XELK-AN-009:_Comparing_JVMs_(Java_Virtual_Machines)_on_i.MX6_family_processors#ZeroVM | ZeroVM]] JVM version explains the very poor performance
 +
 
 +
For a detailed test command usage, please click on the ''Expand'' link:
 +
 
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
<pre class="board-terminal">
 
<pre class="board-terminal">
−
root@imx6qxelk:~/java# ./jdk1.8.0_211/bin/java -cp ./scimark2lib.jar jnt.scimark2.commandline
+
root@sbc-lynx:~/java# ls -la
 +
drwxr-xr-x  10 root    root          4096 Jan  8 22:29 .
 +
drwx------    4 root    root          4096 Jan  8 21:41 ..
 +
drwxr-xr-x  10 1000    1000          4096 Jan  8 22:15 adopt-jdk11.0.5
 +
drwxr-xr-x    5 1000    1000          4096 Jan  8 21:45 adopt-jdk8u232
 +
drwxrwxr-x    7 1000    1000          4096 Jan  8 21:55 bellsoft-jdk11.0.5
 +
drwxr-xr-x    3 root    root          4096 Jan  8 21:53 benchmark
 +
drwxr-xr-x  10 1000    1000          4096 Jan  8 21:52 jdk1.8.0_211
 +
drwxrwxr-x    9 111      122          4096 Jan  8 21:49 zulu-jdk1.8.0_232
 +
drwxrwxr-x  10 111      122          4096 Jan  8 22:01 zulu-jdk11.0.4
 +
root@sbc-lynx:~/java# ls -la benchmark/
 +
drwxr-xr-x    3 root    root          4096 Jan  8 21:53 .
 +
drwxr-xr-x  10 root    root          4096 Jan  8 22:29 ..
 +
drwxr-xr-x    2 root    root          4096 Jan  8 21:43 Caffeine
 +
-rwxr-xr-x    1 root    root        34229 Jan  8 21:53 scimark2lib.jar
 +
root@sbc-lynx:~/java#
 +
</pre>
 +
 
 +
Here below an example of SciMark benchmark started for OracleJDK on '''i.MX6DL''':
 +
 
 +
<pre class="board-terminal">
 +
root@imx6qxelk:~/java# ./jdk1.8.0_211/bin/java -cp ./benchmark/scimark2lib.jar jnt.scimark2.commandline
 
SciMark 2.0a
 
SciMark 2.0a
  
Line 135: Line 262:
 
</pre>
 
</pre>
  
−
Then, an example of Caffeine benchmark:
+
and the same JVM on the '''i.MX6UL''':
 +
 
 +
<pre class="board-terminal">
 +
root@sbc-lynx:~/java# ./jdk1.8.0_211/bin/java -cp ./benchmark/scimark2lib.jar jnt.scimark2.commandline
 +
 
 +
SciMark 2.0a
 +
 
 +
Composite Score: 28.752359792101156
 +
FFT (1024): 24.74240503907121
 +
SOR (100x100):  52.136229862882686
 +
Monte Carlo : 7.4006247447847375
 +
Sparse matmult (N=1000, nz=5000): 24.794189606277396
 +
LU (100x100): 34.68834970748977
 +
 
 +
java.vendor: Oracle Corporation
 +
java.version: 1.8.0_211
 +
os.arch: arm
 +
os.name: Linux
 +
os.version: 4.1.15-xuelk-2.0.3
 +
root@sbc-lynx:~/java#
 +
</pre>
 +
 
 +
Then, an example of Caffeine benchmark on '''i.MX6DL''':
  
 
<pre class="board-terminal">
 
<pre class="board-terminal">
−
root@imx6qxelk:~/java/benchmark/Caffeine# ../../jdk1.8.0_211/bin/java CaffeineMarkEmbeddedApp
+
root@imx6qxelk:~/java# ./jdk1.8.0_211/bin/java -cp ./benchmark/Caffeine CaffeineMarkEmbeddedApp
 
Sieve score = 12204 (98)
 
Sieve score = 12204 (98)
 
Loop score = 46042 (2017)
 
Loop score = 46042 (2017)
Line 149: Line 298:
 
</pre>
 
</pre>
  
−
=== List of test results ===
+
and the same JVM on the '''i.MX6UL''':
  
−
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
+
<pre class="board-terminal">
−
! Java Virtual Machine
+
root@sbc-lynx:~/java# ./jdk1.8.0_211/bin/java -cp ./benchmark/Caffeine CaffeineMarkEmbeddedApp
−
! SciMark (Composite Score)
+
Sieve score = 6359 (98)
−
! CaffeineMark (Overall score)
+
Loop score = 14088 (2017)
−
! Notes
+
Logic score = 11336 (0)
−
|-
+
String score = 11944 (708)
−
| Oracle JDK
+
Float score = 7008 (185)
−
| 69.37
+
Method score = 8253 (166650)
−
| 22673
+
Overall score = 9426
−
|
+
root@sbc-lynx:~/java#
−
|-
+
</pre>
−
| OpenJDK 8
+
 
−
| 3.62
+
</div>
−
| 605
+
 
−
|
+
== Copyright and Trademark Information ==
−
|-
+
 
−
| AdoptOpenJDK 8
+
Java™ and HotJava™ are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. and refer to Sun's Java programming language and HotJava browser technologies.
−
| 3.44
+
 
−
| 569
+
Java™ and OpenJDK™ are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates.
−
|
+
 
−
|-
+
Zulu Community™ is a trademark and Copyright © of Azul Systems, Inc.
−
| ZuluCommunity 8
+
 
−
| 69.14
+
Liberica is a Copyright of © BellSoft LTD
−
| 17237
+
 
−
|
+
The CaffeineMark™ benchmark is a trademark and Copyright © of Pendragon Software
−
|-
+
 
−
| AdoptOpenJDK 11
+
AdoptOpenJDK is a community of Java User Group (JUG) members, Java developers and vendors including Azul, Amazon, GoDaddy, IBM, jClarity, Microsoft, New Relic, Pivotal and Red Hat.
−
| 82.39
 
−
| 78111
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
| LibericaJDK 11
 
−
| 82.55
 
−
| 77083
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
| ZuluCommunity 11
 
−
| 69.61
 
−
| 17060
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 

Revision as of 10:32, 30 December 2020

HOME SOMs SBCs ToloMEO Embedded Assistant Sale-tag.pngGET A QUOTE Customer-service.pngONLINE HELPDESK
Roadmap IoT Services ML/AI services Embedded Design Services
Info Box
Axel-04.png Applies to Axel Ultra
Axel-02.png Applies to AXEL ESATTA
Axel-lite 02.png Applies to Axel Lite
AXEL ULite-top.png Applies to AXEL ULite
SBC Lynx-top.png Applies to SBC Lynx


200px-Emblem-important.svg.png

This application note has been validated using the kit version in the History table.

History[edit | edit source]

Version Date Development Kit version
1.0.0 Nov 2019 XELK 4.0.0 , XUELK 2.0.3

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Nowadays the Java programming language has been mainly used to develop business server side application.

On the latest years it can be used on embedded devices too, thanks both to the constantly increasing processing power of embedded microprocessors and to the optimization of Java Virtual Machines

Java Virtual Machine[edit | edit source]

There are many different JVM that can run on ARM platform: the JVM let you to run your Java application on an Embedded platform like the DAVE's SBC-AXEL and SBC-Lynx platforms.

In this Application Note, we would like to explore some of the most popular Java Virtual Machines and measure their performances on the embedded platform. The different JVMs performance results let the user to target which JVM can be the best selection for running its Java code.

ZeroVM[edit | edit source]

The ZeroVM JDK version has to be taken into account if used on some JVM: this version - used for example on OpenJDK 8 and AdoptOpenJDK 8 - gives output results really less performing then the others VMs.

It should be considered - infact - that OpenJDK Zero VM is an interpreter only JVM. It's easier to port because it has no architecture specific assembly code but, on the other hand, it's not performant because it has no architecture specific assembly code.

Available Java Virtual Machines[edit | edit source]

There's tons of JVM available in the market, both commercials and free/opensource ones: the JVM listed below have been selected from the main Java players in the market.

Obviously the Oracle JDK is the reference one due to the original Java project started by Sun Microsystems and acquired by Oracle on 2010.

Historically Sun/Oracle provides different flavors of their JVM, depending on the target host (desktop vs server vs embedded.

Oracle Java SE Embedded was the flavor targetting embbedded market, but Oracle announced that Java 8 is the final major Oracle Java SE Embedded Product.

Here the blog announce: 

Accordingly, starting with JDK 9, Oracle doesn't plan to offer a separate "Oracle Java SE Embedded" download.  In other words, Oracle Java SE 8 Embedded is the final release series of the "Oracle Java SE Embedded" product.  New features in JDK 9 obviate the need for it to be a separate product.

For the The Oracle Java License, please find more information on Oracle Java web site.

Newest JVM based on Java 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 can be found from the OpenJDK JVM players.

Selection of embedded Virtual Machine[edit | edit source]

Here below the list of JVMs compared in the tests and the binary download sites:

Java Virtual Machine JDK version VM version Notes
Oracle JDK 8u211 Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (build 25.211-b12, mixed mode)
OpenJDK (*) 1.8.0_102 OpenJDK Zero VM (build 25.102-b14, interpreted mode) ZeroVM
AdoptOpenJDK 1.8.0_232 OpenJDK Zero VM (AdoptOpenJDK)(build 25.232-b09, interpreted mode) ZeroVM
ZuluCommunity 8u232 OpenJDK Client VM (Zulu8.42.0.195-CA-linux_aarch32hf) (build 25.232-b195, mixed mode, Evaluation)
AdoptOpenJDK 11.0.5 OpenJDK Server VM AdoptOpenJDK (build 11.0.5+10, mixed mode)
LibericaJDK 11.0.5-BellSoft OpenJDK 32-Bit Server VM (build 11.0.5-BellSoft+11, mixed mode)
ZuluCommunity 11.0.4 OpenJDK Client VM Zulu11.33+21-CA (build 11.0.4+10-LTS, mixed mode)

(*) We do not provide a download URL for OpenJDK 1.8.x because it has been build with standard recipe provided with DAVE Development Kits

Licensing[edit | edit source]

Each JVM has a proper licensing model and this has to be taken into account:

Benchmarks[edit | edit source]

Two standard Java code benchmark tools are used to compare the JVMs:

Licensing[edit | edit source]

We have to comply to the proper license agreements in order to run the benchmarks:

  • SciMark: please read the credits page about National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) GPL license
  • CaffeineMark: according to the Pendragon Software's CaffeineMark™ ver. 3.0
    • the test was performed without independent verification by Pendragon Software and that Pendragon Software makes no representations or warranties as to the result of the test

Test results[edit | edit source]

The benchmarks have been run on the same platform and same cpu: the different JVMs was decompressed in the /home/root/java directory of the target and started manually.

XELK[edit | edit source]

The following tests have been performed on SBC-AXEL equipped with:

  • DXLM0193 SOM
  • i.MX6 Dual Lite processor @ 792MHz
  • 1GB DDR
  • boot from SD card (u-boot, kernel and root file system)
Java Virtual Machine SciMark 2.0 (Composite Score) CaffeineMark 3.0 (Overall score)
Oracle JDK 8 69.37 22673
OpenJDK 8 (*) 3.62 605
AdoptOpenJDK 8 (*) 3.44 569
ZuluCommunity 8 69.14 17237
AdoptOpenJDK 11 82.39 78111
LibericaJDK 11 82.55 77083
ZuluCommunity 11 69.61 17060

(*) The interpreted ZeroVM JVM version explains the very poor performance

XUELK[edit | edit source]

The following tests have been performed on SBC-Lynx equipped with:

  • i.MX6 Ultra Lite processor @ 528MHz
  • 512MB DDR
  • boot from SD card (u-boot, kernel and root file system)
Java Virtual Machine SciMark 2.0 (Composite Score) CaffeineMark 3.0 (Overall score)
Oracle JDK 8 28.75 9426
OpenJDK 8 (*) 1.68 257
AdoptOpenJDK 8 (*) 1.55 243
ZuluCommunity 8 29.26 9482
AdoptOpenJDK 11 54.23 30268
LibericaJDK 11 54.46 27261
ZuluCommunity 11 29.16 9200

(*) The interpreted ZeroVM JVM version explains the very poor performance

For a detailed test command usage, please click on the Expand link: 

root@sbc-lynx:~/java# ls -la
drwxr-xr-x   10 root     root          4096 Jan  8 22:29 .
drwx------    4 root     root          4096 Jan  8 21:41 ..
drwxr-xr-x   10 1000     1000          4096 Jan  8 22:15 adopt-jdk11.0.5
drwxr-xr-x    5 1000     1000          4096 Jan  8 21:45 adopt-jdk8u232
drwxrwxr-x    7 1000     1000          4096 Jan  8 21:55 bellsoft-jdk11.0.5
drwxr-xr-x    3 root     root          4096 Jan  8 21:53 benchmark
drwxr-xr-x   10 1000     1000          4096 Jan  8 21:52 jdk1.8.0_211
drwxrwxr-x    9 111      122           4096 Jan  8 21:49 zulu-jdk1.8.0_232
drwxrwxr-x   10 111      122           4096 Jan  8 22:01 zulu-jdk11.0.4
root@sbc-lynx:~/java# ls -la benchmark/
drwxr-xr-x    3 root     root          4096 Jan  8 21:53 .
drwxr-xr-x   10 root     root          4096 Jan  8 22:29 ..
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root          4096 Jan  8 21:43 Caffeine
-rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root         34229 Jan  8 21:53 scimark2lib.jar
root@sbc-lynx:~/java#

Here below an example of SciMark benchmark started for OracleJDK on i.MX6DL: 

root@imx6qxelk:~/java# ./jdk1.8.0_211/bin/java -cp ./benchmark/scimark2lib.jar jnt.scimark2.commandline
SciMark 2.0a

Composite Score: 69.37463986126829
FFT (1024): 69.63592899407837
SOR (100x100):   123.68132332709474
Monte Carlo : 17.99165245491594
Sparse matmult (N=1000, nz=5000): 50.866191316811516
LU (100x100): 84.69810321344092

java.vendor: Oracle Corporation
java.version: 1.8.0_211
os.arch: arm
os.name: Linux
os.version: 4.9.11-xelk-4.0.0
root@imx6qxelk:~/java#

and the same JVM on the i.MX6UL: 

root@sbc-lynx:~/java# ./jdk1.8.0_211/bin/java -cp ./benchmark/scimark2lib.jar jnt.scimark2.commandline

SciMark 2.0a

Composite Score: 28.752359792101156
FFT (1024): 24.74240503907121
SOR (100x100):   52.136229862882686
Monte Carlo : 7.4006247447847375
Sparse matmult (N=1000, nz=5000): 24.794189606277396
LU (100x100): 34.68834970748977

java.vendor: Oracle Corporation
java.version: 1.8.0_211
os.arch: arm
os.name: Linux
os.version: 4.1.15-xuelk-2.0.3
root@sbc-lynx:~/java#

Then, an example of Caffeine benchmark on i.MX6DL: 

root@imx6qxelk:~/java# ./jdk1.8.0_211/bin/java -cp ./benchmark/Caffeine CaffeineMarkEmbeddedApp
Sieve score = 12204 (98)
Loop score = 46042 (2017)
Logic score = 22955 (0
String score = 29983 (708)
Float score = 21900 (185)
Method score = 16041 (166650)
Overall score = 22673
root@imx6qxelk:~/java#

and the same JVM on the i.MX6UL: 

root@sbc-lynx:~/java# ./jdk1.8.0_211/bin/java -cp ./benchmark/Caffeine CaffeineMarkEmbeddedApp
Sieve score = 6359 (98)
Loop score = 14088 (2017)
Logic score = 11336 (0)
String score = 11944 (708)
Float score = 7008 (185)
Method score = 8253 (166650)
Overall score = 9426
root@sbc-lynx:~/java#

Copyright and Trademark Information[edit | edit source]

Java™ and HotJava™ are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. and refer to Sun's Java programming language and HotJava browser technologies.

Java™ and OpenJDK™ are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Zulu Community™ is a trademark and Copyright © of Azul Systems, Inc.

Liberica is a Copyright of © BellSoft LTD

The CaffeineMark™ benchmark is a trademark and Copyright © of Pendragon Software

AdoptOpenJDK is a community of Java User Group (JUG) members, Java developers and vendors including Azul, Amazon, GoDaddy, IBM, jClarity, Microsoft, New Relic, Pivotal and Red Hat.

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