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<section end="History" /><section begin="Body" />
==Standalone boot==
We'll explain how to program and configure a <SOM> to boot in standalone mode, without the need of a system microSD card or an NFS server, with threee three options:
* booting with NOR and NAND internal storage
** in this configuration the primary boot images will be fetched from NOR flash storage, while the root file system will be fetched from NAND flash
=== Program boot images into NOR flash ===
It is supposed tat that the proper filenames are configured on uU-boot Boot variables. Those files should be available on TFTP server. In the following examples, we use the boot images:
<pre>
spl=desk-mx-l/SPLdesk-mx6-l-4.0.0_mx6qdldesk_spi_SPLubootimg=desk-mx-l/udesk-mx6-l-4.0.0_mx6qdldesk_spi_u-boot.imgbootfile=desk-mx-l/uImagedesk-mx6-l-4.0.0_uImagefdtfile=desk-mx-l/imx6qdesk-mx6-l-4.0.0_imx6q-sbcx-cb0012.dtb
</pre>
We assume that the following environment variables are present in uU-boot Boot too:
<pre>
</pre>
====uU-Boot====
Update to the latest uU-boot Boot version allows usage of uU-boot Boot environment variables available.
<pre class="workstation-terminal">
Using FEC device
TFTP from server 192.168.0.125; our IP address is 192.168.0.90
Filename 'desk-mx-l/SPLdesk-mx6-l-4.0.0_mx6qdldesk_spi_SPL'.
Load address: 0x12000000
Loading: ############
Using FEC device
TFTP from server 192.168.0.125; our IP address is 192.168.0.90
Filename 'desk-mx-l/udesk-mx6-l-4.0.0_mx6qdldesk_spi_u-boot.img'.
Load address: 0x12000000
Loading: #################################################################
====kernel image and device tree====
We assume that the following environment variables are present in uU-bootBoot:
<pre>
Using FEC device
TFTP from server 192.168.0.125; our IP address is 192.168.0.90
Filename 'desk-mx-l/uImagedesk-mx6-l-4.0.0_uImage'.
Load address: 0x12000000
Loading: #################################################################
Using FEC device
TFTP from server 192.168.0.125; our IP address is 192.168.0.90
Filename 'desk-mx-l/imx6qdesk-mx6-l-4.0.0_imx6q-sbcx-cb0012.dtb'.
Load address: 0x18000000
Loading: ###########
=== Program boot images into NAND flash ===
====uU-Boot====
Here below an example:
* boot the system via SD on NFS
* uses a rfs with <b>kobs-ng</b> utility available on it (e.g. DAVE's rfs provided with <KIT>[[DESK-MX6-L | DESK-MX6-L]])* copy the related uU-boot Boot imx image file on nfs /home/root (for example)* execute ''kobs-ng'' passing the parameters for flashing uU-boot Boot on NAND
* erase and program the second stage using '''flash_erase''' and '''nandwrite'''
<pre class="workstation-terminal">
root@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:~# kobs-ng -x -v -f w desk-mx6-l-14.0.0_mx6qdldesk_nand_SPL
MTD CONFIG:
chip_0_device_path = "/dev/mtd0"
mtd: erasing @0:0x180000-0x1a0000
mtd: We write one page for save guard. *
root@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:~# flash_erase /dev/mtd1 0 0Erasing 128 Kibyte @ 5e0000 -- 100 % completeroot@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:~# nandwrite -p /dev/mtd1 desk-mx6-l-14.0.0_mx6qdldesk_nand_u-boot.img
Writing data to block 0 at offset 0x0
Writing data to block 1 at offset 0x20000
Writing data to block 3 at offset 0x60000
Writing data to block 4 at offset 0x80000
</pre>
====kernel image and device tree====
We assume that the following environment variables are present in uU-bootBoot:
<pre>
<pre class="workstation-terminal">
Using FEC device
TFTP from server 192.168.4.210; our IP address is 192.168.4.63Filename 'desk-mx-l/uImagedesk-mx6-l-4.0.0_uImage'.
Load address: 0x12000000
Loading: #################################################################
#################################################################
#################################################################
################################################################# ################################################################# ################################################################# ########### 1.2 MiB/s
done
Bytes transferred = 7031520 8038640 (6b4ae0 7aa8f0 hex)
NAND erase.part: device 0 offset 0xc00000, size 0x800000
OK
NAND write: device 0 offset 0xc00000, size 0x6b4ae00x7aa8f0 7031520 8038640 bytes written: OK
Using FEC device
TFTP from server 192.168.04.13210; our IP address is 192.168.04.9063Filename 'desk-mx-l/imx6qdesk-mx6-l-4.0.0_imx6dl-sbcx-cb0012.dtb'.
Load address: 0x18000000
Loading: ###########
done
Bytes transferred = 53760 52247 (d200 cc17 hex)
NAND erase.part: device 0 offset 0xa00000, size 0x100000
OK
NAND write: device 0 offset 0xa00000, size 0xd2000xcc17 53760 52247 bytes written: OK=>
</pre>
=== Program boot images into eMMC ===
====uU-Boot====Update to the latest uU-boot Boot version allows usage of uU-boot Boot environment variables available.
<pre>
</pre>
Load uU-boot Boot binary form a <code>tftp</code> server:
<pre class="workstation-terminal">
=> run load_spl
Using FEC device
TFTP from server 192.168.04.125240; our IP address is 192.168.04.9049Filename 'desk-mx-l/SPLdesk-mx6-l-4.0.0_mx6qdldesk_SPL'.
Load address: 0x12000000
Loading: ############
done
Bytes transferred = 56320 60416 (dc00 ec00 hex)=> run mmc_update_spl
switch to partitions #0, OK
MMC write: dev # 20, block # 2, count 1313 119 ... 1313 119 blocks written: OK=> run load_uboot
Using FEC device
TFTP from server 192.168.04.125240; our IP address is 192.168.04.9049Filename 'desk-mx-l/udesk-mx6-l-4.0.0_mx6qdldesk_u-boot.img'.
Load address: 0x12000000
Loading: #################################################################
########################################################## 10091.8 KiB5 MiB/s
done
Bytes transferred = 569864 624932 (8b208 98924 hex)=> run mmc_update_uboot
switch to partitions #0, OK
MMC write: dev # 20, block # 138, count 1114 1221 ... 1114 1221 blocks written: OK=>
</pre>
Load uU-boot Boot binary form from an <code>SD</code> card:
<pre class="workstation-terminal">
Hit ENTER within 1 seconds to stop autoboot
=> fatload mmc 0:1 ${loadaddr} SPLdesk-mx6-l-4.0.0_mx6qdldesk_SPL
56320 bytes read in 20 ms (2.7 MiB/s)
=> mmc dev 2
MMC write: dev # 2, block # 2, count 111 ... 111 blocks written: OK
=> fatload mmc 0:1 ${loadaddr} udesk-mx6-l-4.0.0_mx6qdldesk_u-boot.img
569864 bytes read in 45 ms (12.1 MiB/s)
=> mmc dev 2
====kernel image and device tree====
We assume that the following environment variables are present in uU-bootBoot:
<pre>
mmc_loadfdt=fatload mmc ${mmcdev}:1 ${fdtaddr} ${fdtfile}
mmc_loadsplash=fatload mmc ${mmcdev}:1 ${loadaddr} ${splashfile}; cp.b ${loadaddr} ${splashimage} ${filesize}
mmcboot=run mmcargs addcons addmisc; if run mmc_loadk; then if run mmc_loadfdt; then if run configid_fixupfdt; then bootm ${loadaddr} - ${fdtaddr}; fi; fi; fi
</pre>
Using an SD card or an eMMC device assumes that <code>bootfile</code>, <code>fdtfile</code> and <code>splashfile</code> are stored into fist MMC device partition.
Then, uU-boot Boot uses the previous listed commands for reading the binary images and starting the linux bootstrap from the ''MMC part 2'' (which is reserved for the root-file system storage).
The following uU-boot Boot environment variables are present for this purposes:
<pre>
mmcargs=setenv bootargs root=${mmcroot}
==== boot vars ====
The following environment variables should be configured for uU-boot Boot properly reading the boot files from the first SD card partition, e.g.
<pre class="workstation-terminal">
=> setenv normalboot mmcboot
=> setenv bootfile uImagedesk-mx6-l-4.0.0_mx6qdldesk_uImage=> setenv fdtfile imx6qdesk-mx6-l-4.0.0_mx6qdldesk_imx6dl-sbcx-cb0012.dtb
=> setenv splashfile splash_image.bmp
</pre>
=== Program root file system into NAND flash ===
* Boot the system via SD or NFS as described in the e [[(<KIT>)#Quick_start_guideDESK-MX6-L/General/Booting_from_NFS |Quick start guideBooting from nfs]]wiki page.* By default, the NAND is already partitioned to allow booting from NAND-only (see next section) and, thus, some partitions are reserved for uU-boot Boot and kernel images. Here we won't modify this default configuration. The [[Memory Tecnology Device (MTD)|MTD]] partitions can be dumped with <code>/proc/mtd</code> (the partition's name should be self-explanatory)
<pre class="workstation-terminal">
root@imx6qdlxelk:~# cat /proc/mtd
</pre>
{{ImportantMessage|text=Please note that MTD partition index may change depending of flash device availability, flash device size, uU-boot Boot environment variables or kernel device driver load order. Always take care of looking inside <code>/proc/mtd</code> to match your specific layout}}
<pre class="workstation-terminal">
root@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:~# ubiformat /dev/mtd8
ubiformat: mtd8 (nand), size 1048576000 bytes (1000.0 MiB), 8000 eraseblocks of 131072 bytes (128.0 KiB), min. I/O size 2048 bytes
libscan: scanning eraseblock 7999 -- 100 % complete ubiformat: 8000 eraseblocks have valid erase counter, mean value is 1116ubiformat: formatting eraseblock 7999 -- 100 % complete root@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:~# ubiattach -m 8[ 1714 201.823600648474] UBIubi0: attaching mtd8 to ubi0[ 1726 203.415587638158] UBIubi0: scanning is finished[ 1726 203.483765658702] UBIubi0: attached mtd8 (name "nand-ubi", size 1000 MiB) to ubi0[ 1726 203.491062664827] UBIubi0: PEB size: 131072 bytes (128 KiB), LEB size: 126976 bytes[ 1726 203.498301672513] UBIubi0: min./max. I/O unit sizes: 2048/2048, sub-page size 2048[ 1726 203.505030679330] UBIubi0: VID header offset: 2048 (aligned 2048), data offset: 4096[ 1726 203.512430687928] UBIubi0: good PEBs: 8000, bad PEBs: 0, corrupted PEBs: 0[ 1726 203.518861694456] UBIubi0: user volume: 0, internal volumes: 1, max. volumes count: 128[ 1726 203.526025702103] UBIubi0: max/mean erase counter: 3121/2117, WL threshold: 4096, image sequence number: 623070258493697587[ 1726 203.535433711974] UBIubi0: available PEBs: 7836, total reserved PEBs: 164, PEBs reserved for bad PEB handling: 160[ 1726 203.545260721987] UBIubi0: background thread "ubi_bgt0d" started, PID 714635UBI device number 0, total 8000 LEBs (1015808000 bytes, 968.8 7 MiB), available 7836 LEBs (994983936 bytes, 948.9 8 MiB), LEB size 126976 bytes (124.0 KiB)root@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:~# ubimkvol /dev/ubi0 -N rootfs -m
Set volume size to 994983936
Volume ID 0, size 7836 LEBs (994983936 bytes, 948.9 8 MiB), LEB size 126976 bytes (124.0 KiB), dynamic, name "rootfs", alignment 1
</pre>
<pre class="workstation-terminal">
root@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:~# mkdir -p /mnt/nandroot@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:~# mount -t ubifs ubi0_0 /mnt/nand[ 1810 226.301461375941] UBIFS(ubi0:0): default file-system created[ 1810 226.308952381545] UBIFS(ubi0:0): Mounting in unauthenticated mode[ 226.387403] UBIFS (ubi0:0): background thread "ubifs_bgt0_0" started, PID 717641[ 1810 226.452274421704] UBIFS (ubi0:0): UBIFS: mounted UBI device 0, volume 0, name "rootfs"[ 1810 226.459421429128] UBIFS(ubi0:0): LEB size: 126976 bytes (124 KiB), min./max. I/O unit sizes: 2048 bytes/2048 bytes[ 1810 226.469398440000] UBIFS(ubi0:0): FS size: 992698368 bytes (946 MiB, 7818 LEBs), max 7836 LEBs, journal size 33521664 bytes (31 MiB, 264 LEBs)[ 1810 226.480976452510] UBIFS(ubi0:0): reserved for root: 4952683 bytes (4836 KiB)[ 1810 226.487210459239] UBIFS(ubi0:0): media format: w4w5/r0 (latest is w4w5/r0), UUID 99D0F3C62AC18D3A-5955E457-4B3047E0-9E2D9BD1-72202281BD3078A7C3483B73, small LPT model
</pre>
<pre>
tar xvjf deskdave-image-qt5devel-desk-mx6.tar.bz2 -C /mnt/nand
</pre>
<pre class="workstation-terminal">
root@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:~# umount /mnt/nand/[ 2446 238.743091072434] UBIFS(ubi0:0): un-mount UBI device 0, volume 0[ 2446 238.749670077232] UBIFS(ubi0:0): background thread "ubifs_bgt0_0" stopsroot@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:~# ubidetach -m 8[ 2450 240.738153786549] UBIubi0: detaching mtd8 from ubi0[ 2450 240.759527798612] UBIubi0: mtd8 is detached from ubi0
</pre>
=== Program root file system into eMMC flash ===
* Boot the system via SD or NFS as described in the e [[(<KIT>)#Quick_start_guideDESK-MX6-L/General/Booting_from_NFS |Quick start guideBooting from nfs]]wiki page
* eMMC device has to be partitioned and properly formatted choosing the <code>file system</code> for each partition
* an example of SD partitioning script is the following one:
<pre class="workstation-terminal">
root@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:~# ./sdcard-partition.sh /dev/mmcblk2
SD total size: 3776KB
[ 1341.905014] mmcblk2: p1 p2
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
</pre>
<pre class="workstation-terminal">
root@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:~# mount /dev/mmcblk2p1 /mnt/emmc
[ 40.988575] FAT-fs (mmcblk2p1): Volume was not properly unmounted. Some data may be corrupt. Please run fsck.
root@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:~# cd /mnt/emmcroot@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:/mnt/emmc# cp /tftpboot/desk-mx/linux/desk-mx-14.0.0*dtb .root@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:/mnt/emmc# cp /tftpboot/desk-mx/linux/desk-mx-14.0.0*uImage .root@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:/mnt/emmc# cp /tftpboot/desk-mx/linux/splash_image.bmp .root@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:/mnt/emmc# cdroot@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:~# umount /mnt/emmc
</pre>
<pre class="workstation-terminal">
root@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:~# mount /dev/mmcblk2p2 /mnt/emmc
[ 1810.899327] EXT4-fs (mmcblk2p2): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
root@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:~# cd /mnt/emmcroot@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:/mnt/emmc#
</pre>
<pre>
tar xvjf axeldave-image-qt5devel-imx6qdlxelk.tardesk-mx6.tar.bz2-C /mnt/emmc
</pre>
<pre class="workstation-terminal">
root@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:/mnt/emmc# cdroot@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:~# umount /mnt/emmcroot@imx6qdlxelkdesk-mx6:~# reboot
</pre>
mkfs.ext4 -F ${node}${part}1 -Lboot
then, the uU-boot Boot <code>environment</code> has to be properly configured:
<pre class="workstation-terminal">
</pre>
=== U-Boot parameters for root file system device ===
Once booted, the kernel looks for a device where reading and starting the root file system. See more information in the [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/bootparam.7.html man pages].
Here below some examples and configuration used in the DAVE's U-Boot environment:
==== rfs in NAND ====
The root file system can be programmed into an UBI formatted partition and, for example, the nandargs parameters can be used. The following rows show the standard DAVE's NAND partitioning:<pre class="workstation-terminal">
...
...
[ 3.859646] 9 cmdlinepart partitions found on MTD device gpmi-nand
[ 3.865861] Creating 9 MTD partitions on "gpmi-nand":
[ 3.870924] 0x000000000000-0x000000200000 : "nand-SPL"
[ 3.885045] 0x000000200000-0x000000800000 : "nand-uboot"
[ 3.895099] 0x000000800000-0x000000900000 : "nand-env1"
[ 3.905059] 0x000000900000-0x000000a00000 : "nand-env2"
[ 3.915071] 0x000000a00000-0x000000b00000 : "nand-fdt"
[ 3.925049] 0x000000b00000-0x000000c00000 : "nand-spare"
[ 3.935124] 0x000000c00000-0x000001400000 : "nand-kernel"
[ 3.945057] 0x000001400000-0x000001800000 : "nand-splash"
[ 3.955104] 0x000001800000-0x000040000000 : "nand-ubi"
...
...
</pre>and then the corresponding U-Boot parameter for using the <code>/dev/mtd8</code> device:
<code>'''nandargs'''=setenv bootargs ubi.mtd=8 root=ubi0_0 rootfstype=ubifs rw</code>
In this configuration, the kernel attachs the UBI partition, mount the UBIFS file system and starts it:<pre class="workstation-terminal">
...
...
[ 5.559821] ubi0: attaching mtd8
[ 7.990342] ubi0: scanning is finished
[ 8.021500] ubi0: attached mtd8 (name "nand-ubi", size 1000 MiB)
[ 8.027595] ubi0: PEB size: 131072 bytes (128 KiB), LEB size: 126976 bytes
[ 8.034504] ubi0: min./max. I/O unit sizes: 2048/2048, sub-page size 2048
[ 8.041299] ubi0: VID header offset: 2048 (aligned 2048), data offset: 4096
[ 8.048291] ubi0: good PEBs: 8000, bad PEBs: 0, corrupted PEBs: 0
[ 8.054414] ubi0: user volume: 1, internal volumes: 1, max. volumes count: 128
[ 8.061644] ubi0: max/mean erase counter: 63/52, WL threshold: 4096, image sequence number: 819217695
[ 8.070886] ubi0: available PEBs: 0, total reserved PEBs: 8000, PEBs reserved for bad PEB handling: 160
[ 8.080359] ubi0: background thread "ubi_bgt0d" started, PID 157
[ 8.164282] UBIFS (ubi0:0): Mounting in unauthenticated mode
[ 8.170156] UBIFS (ubi0:0): background thread "ubifs_bgt0_0" started, PID 163
[ 8.210063] UBIFS (ubi0:0): UBIFS: mounted UBI device 0, volume 0, name "rootfs"
[ 8.217549] UBIFS (ubi0:0): LEB size: 126976 bytes (124 KiB), min./max. I/O unit sizes: 2048 bytes/2048 bytes
[ 8.227505] UBIFS (ubi0:0): FS size: 992698368 bytes (946 MiB, 7818 LEBs), journal size 33521664 bytes (31 MiB, 264 LEBs)
[ 8.238514] UBIFS (ubi0:0): reserved for root: 4952683 bytes (4836 KiB)
[ 8.245169] UBIFS (ubi0:0): media format: w5/r0 (latest is w5/r0), UUID BEC33049-213B-4D02-A9CE-5F0D7EB5DAA8, small LPT model
[ 8.257174] VFS: Mounted root (ubifs filesystem) on device 0:14.
...
...
</pre>
==== rfs in SD card ====
The root file system can be programmed into an SD card partition and, for example, the mmcargs parameters can be used. The following row in an example to use an SD card with two partition:<pre class="workstation-terminal">
...
...
[ 5.061660] mmc0: new high speed SDHC card at address aaaa
[ 5.071528] mmcblk0: mmc0:aaaa SC16G 14.8 GiB
[ 5.071528] mmcblk0: mmc0:aaaa SC16G 14.8 GiB
[ 5.088454] mmcblk0: p1 p2
...
...
</pre>and then the corresponding U-Boot parameters for using the <code>/dev/mmcblk0p2</code> partition (which is typically the second ext4 formatted SD partition):
<code>'''mmcargs'''=setenv bootargs root=${mmcroot}</code>
<code>'''mmcroot'''=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rootwait rw</code>
In this configuration the kernel mounts the root file system correctly in this way:<pre class="workstation-terminal">
...
...
[ 5.681176] EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p2): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
[ 5.689678] VFS: Mounted root (ext3 filesystem) on device 179:2.
[ 5.707149] devtmpfs: mounted
[ 5.713124] Freeing unused kernel memory: 1024K
...
...
</pre>
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